| 英文摘要： |
Drinking water is a known potential source of human exposure to antibiotics. However, risk of antibiotic exposure from drinking water has not been sufficiently quantified. We measured the levels of 23 antibiotics in drinking water from 12 cities of China during the summer and winter seasons, quantifying exposure doses and health risk quotients (HRQ) of antibiotic exposure via drinking water. High detection rates (above 70%) of macrolides (MLs), sulfonamides and fluoroquinolones were observed during summer season, with median concentrations of 0.26 ng/L, 0.59 ng/L and 0.36 ng/L, respectively, while only MLs were observed with a high detection rate in winter (median concentration 0.46 ng/L). Total antibiotic exposure via drinking water ranged from 0.0036 ng/kg/day to 4.36 ng/kg/day in summer and from 0.0046 ng/kg/day to 1.12 ng/kg/day in winter. High median antibiotic exposures were observed in Chaohu, Huainan and Guangzhou in summer and in Mudanjiang in winter. Of the 18 detected antibiotics, enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, sarafloxacin and roxithromycin had an HRQ >= 0.01. Drinking water is one of the principal pathways for human exposure to antibiotics. Accordingly, management of antibiotic exposure from drinking water should be a high public health priority, and the accompanying health risks merit greater attention from public health authorities. |
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