| 摘 要： |
Food loss (FL), a widely acknowledged barrier for global sustainability, include both visible part related to quantity loss and food security concern and invisible part related to quality loss and food safety concern. However, existing FL quantification has often ignored the invisible contamination deterioration and quality degradation as well as their associated sustainability impacts. Here, we integrated economic cost accounting, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) estimation, health risk assessment (hazard quotient, margin of exposure, and hazard index), and environmental footprint accounting to comprehensively assess both visible and invisible loss of maize and associated economic, health, and environmental impacts under different weather and regulatory levels, for a case of Jilin Province, China, using over 2-yr environmental test and multidisciplinary literature data. We show that in addition to the visible loss of 12.55% ((sic)703.81 million) of total production, there is an invisible loss of 2.10% ((sic)117.79 million) for maize in 2022 in Jilin, consisting of 1.78% market value loss (mainly due to moldy kernel, zearalenone (ZEN), unsound kernel and deoxynivalenol (DON)) and 0.32% health loss (due to aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)). Under full regulation, the exposure of both adults and children to mean levels of DON and ZEN is at the safe level, while their exposure to mean level of AFB1 leads to potential health risk. When exposed to extreme weather like typhoons, invisible loss in the postharvest handling and storage stage exceeds visible loss. The invisible loss varies considerably across regulation levels, stakeholders and countries, manifesting as a trade-off between market value loss and health threat. Our analysis enables comparisons of different sustainability implications of FL, among quantity and quality issues, indicators (e.g., multiple mycotoxins), and consequences (market versus health). Based on these results, we call for more common understanding, more comprehensive data, and more integrated quantification methods to identify FL reduction hotspots and interventions and ensure food security, safety, and sustainability. |
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